Metric and Imperial Units

The above formulas may be used with both imperial and metric units. As with all calculations care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout with examples of units which should be adopted listed below:

Notation

• E = soil modulus, kip/ft² or kPa
• M = maximum bending moment, kip.ft or kNm
• r = radius of loaded area, ft or m
• Ø = angle of interest, degrees
• v = Poisson’s ratio